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Cloning, also called "somatic cell nuclear transfer," is a laboratory method that allows the creation of a new individual who has only a single genetic parent. Cloning has produced live births in several species of mammals, including sheep, cattle, pigs, goats, mice, and monkeys.

In cloning, the nucleus (containing an individual’s genetic code) is first removed from an egg cell and replaced with the nucleus taken from a body cell (such as a skin cell) of a donor. (The donor can be anybody.) This combination of two cells is then stimulated or "activated," usually by an electric current. When successful, an embryo begins to develop -- an embryo with virtually the same genetic makeup as that of the single parent who contributed the nucleus.

In November, the biotech firm Advanced Cell Technology claimed it had created several cloned human embryos, who died for unknown reasons after reaching only a six-cell stage. This firm and others hope to perfect techniques to keep the embryos alive for a least five days, at which point the embryonic body would consist of at least 150 cells, including a cluster of "stem cells" -- cells that have the capacity to develop into many different types of specialized tissue. The researchers will then dissect the embryo to remove those stem cells -- killing the embryo.

The head of Advanced Cell Technology, among others, has said he thinks that it would be ethically acceptable to create embryos and keep them alive for up to two weeks. Other researchers are working to develop an "artificial womb," with the eventual aim of being able to artificially sustain an unborn child from conception to full term.

Link to website of DO NO HARM (scientists who advocate ethical alternatives to embryo-destructive research)

The Threat of Science without Humanity
By Richard M. Doerflinger
Source: http://nrlc.org/news/1999/NRL899/doer.html

Ask Americans what problems most afflict our nation, and a decline in moral values ranks near the top of the list. Yet to hear some lawmakers, scientists, and even ethicists talk, you would think the problem with medical research today is an excess of morality.

This is clear in the debate on embryonic stem cell research. These primitive cells can potentially produce a variety of cells and tissues needed by the human body. The moral problem is this: Harvesting the cells from a live human embryo kills the embryo. Yet the Clinton Administration insists this should not stand in the way of medical progress.

This approach is being proclaimed from several quarters. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is expected to issue guidelines soon on how researchers can obtain and destroy human embryos to harvest embryonic stem cells which will then be used in federally funded experiments. On July 13 the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) took final votes on its own report, recommending the actual repeal (rather than just evasion) of the current law banning federal funding of experimentation in which embryos are harmed.

The next day, the White House announced it will not try to persuade Congress to repeal the ban on destruction of human embryos, but will evade the ban by funding stem cell research that requires such destruction. The White House added assurances that the NIH guidelines will ensure that embryos are des-troyed in an "ethically sound manner."

That's right. Despite the law passed by Congress every year since 1995 (the Dickey-Wicker Amendment), banning federal funding of destructive embryo research, our government is poised to issue guidelines on how to "ethically" destroy human life.

The co-chair of the NIH task force assigned this challenge is Dr. Ezra Davidson, who came to Congress's attention in the early 1980s due to his federally funded experiments on low-income black and Hispanic women in south central Los Angeles. He had a new diagnostic tool, the fetoscope, but did not know how often its use might cause miscarriages. So he practiced using it on women planning to have abortions - - reasoning that if it killed unborn children already slated for death, it would do no real harm.When Congress found out about Davidson's project, it made sure something like this could not happen again. In 1985 it overwhelmingly approved a law requiring all federally funded research projects to treat unborn children intended for abortion with the same respect as children intended for live birth. No longer would the "private" abortion decisions of these children's mothers be used to justify spending public funds to harm them.

But now, Dr. Davidson is back in the saddle - - and so is his ethical approach. "Spare" embryos in fertility clinics will eventually be discarded anyway - - the argument goes - - so if a researcher destroys them for their stem cells, he isn't doing any real harm.

By this logic, one could well start buying vital organs from condemned prisoners in China, or conducting lethal experiments on terminally ill patients in VA hospitals. After all, they'll die anyway, so how can we be doing any real harm?

This is what the White House means by "ethically sound" killing: only the killing of "spare" embryos created by fertility clinics, not embryos created solely for research.

In 1994, when the NIH proposed creating human embryos especially for research purposes, even newspapers with pro-abortion editorial policies, such as the Washington Post, called the idea "unconscionable." There was something too thoroughly demeaning and cold-blooded about initiating human lives merely to destroy them. In the end, President Clinton rejected funding for such " special creation" experiments, and he is holding to that position now.

But it is becoming clear that this position is merely a transitional stepa "wedge" to open the door to government- sponsored embryo research.

This came home to me recently, when I spoke on this issue in England to ethicists and scientists who advise a major pharmaceutical firm. What I found was a unanimous view among British scientists that embryonic stem cell research will probably be useless for transplant purposes - - unless it uses cloning to create human embryos for destruction.

Why? The answer is: tissue compatibility. Patients bodies will reject transplanted cells from a foreign source and many scientists think this problem will not be solved in the foreseeable future. Hence, in Great Britain the debate is not about "spare" embryos at all, but about use of cloning to produce embryos genetically identical to each individual patient. Each time a patient needs a transplant, he or she will donate some body cells, which will be used to make numerous embryonic twin brothers or sisters - - who will then be killed for their stem cells.

This British discussion puts into perspective some recent events in our own country. In May the Geron Corporation, which has funded research in obtaining stem cells from "spare" embryos, announced that it was taking over Roslin Bio-Med of Scotland, which has pioneered animal cloning and produced "Dolly" the sheep. Geron says the merger will enable it to combine the " complementary breakthrough technologies" of stem cell research and cloning "to enhance and accelerate the development of new transplantation therapies."

The following month, NBAC softened its earlier stand against creating human embryos for stem cell research, saying only that such creation and destruction of life should not be funded at "at this time." Scientists on the panel insisted that medical progress using embryonic stem cells may require leaving the door open to creating embryos for research purposes in the future.

Now I realize the significance of these events. They know. Geron and NBAC know that the much-touted use of "spare" embryos may well fail to produce the promised results. But they also know that the "unconscionable" step of using taxpayers funds to create human embryos for destruction could doom the entire enterprise in the eyes of public opinion. So expect them to proceed with "spare" embryos, perfecting the art of culturing stem cells and directing them to differentiate in the lab. And when they stand on the threshold of transplantation into humans, expect them to announce that they could save many lives, if only we will allow this one last step.

The real solution is to refuse to start down that road. Genetically compatible tissue for transplantation can be produced by using and adapting patients' own adult stem cells. These are now known to be far more versatile than was once imagined - - and they pose no serious moral problem. (For a fine statement on this subject signed by dozens of medical and scientific experts, see www.stemcellresearch.org.)

Some organizations promoting medical research have begun to realize there is more to this controversy than meets the eye. On July 29, the New York Times reported that the American Cancer Society (ACS) has withdrawn from the political coalition promoting destructive embryo research, "Patient's CURe" (Coalition for Urgent Research).

Apparently the ACS originally lent its name to the coalition believing that it would simply call for open debate on the possible benefits of stem cell research generally - - and found itself part of a strident political group that downplays and insults any approach to research that does not destroy human embryos. It also found that many of its own constituents and fundraisers were appalled by this foray into pro-death advocacy in the name of research. The ACS has therefore stepped back to consider a final position more carefully - - a step that other groups lured into "CURe" would do well to emulate.

But even as private groups take another look at this issue, the question in Washington, D.C., is: When the NIH invites 60 days of public comment on guidelines implementing this immoral and unnecessary agenda, how will the American people respond?

Mr. Doerflinger is associate director for policy development at the secretariat for Pro-Life Activities, National Conference of Catholic Bishops.

A number of excellent factsheets on the human cloning issue have been issued by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.  They are available at the USCCB website at www.usccb.org/prolife/issues/bioethic/clonelet121401.htm.

In addition, "Americans to Ban Cloning," a recently formed coalition of anti-cloning groups, has launched a website that contains much useful information: www.cloninginformation.org.

This http://www.rtl.org/html/hot_topics.html site also contains valuable information on cloning.

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